Between 1861 and 1867 Mexico experienced a long civil war compounded by the European invasion of English, British and French. The conservative camp opted for liberal Europeans and the United States. Prim and the British withdrew to the difficulty of the undertaking and the troops of Napoleon III to withdraw also ended. In the end, a tragic loser: Maximilian of Hapsburg. In the bottom two issues: the confrontation with Serrano Prim and the defeat of the Europeans to the Americans who applied the Monroe Doctrine.
STEPS TOWARD WAR
The above Mexican civil war debt could grow considerably. Spain was the main creditor, more than GranBretaña or France. Spain sent to the business of it to the ambassador Francisco Pacheco, a personal friend of Miguel Miramon conservative. In January 1861 Juárez formed his government. Have nothing to be decided on a policy of hostility to conservatives and their foreign allies. On 11 expelled the Nuncio of Rome and the English ambassador, who was conspiring openly conservative side.
With broken relationships and violence incidents against English nationals resident in Mexico continued, leaving the French ambassador, the Earl of Saligny , as the representative of Spain.
In May, British, French and English were willing to intervention together in order to collect debts and put an end to the anarchy in the country.
expropriations in July rose against foreigners and anarchy. On 17 Juarez Mexico declared a bankrupt and insolvent to the required payment. All these circumstances led to intense diplomatic relations between the three European countries that also saw the opportunity to speak without the hindrance of the United States in full Civil War North against the South.
Finally, on October 31, 1861 was signed the London Convention by the three countries were committed to a joint military intervention immediate objective would be the occupation of the main ports as collateral. The agreement signed in London was announced by Queen Elizabeth II in the Congress of Deputies on 16 December, as they did before their respective parliaments the Queen Victoria and Napoleon III .
Article II of the Convention of London made it clear that " The High Contracting Parties are forcing us not to pursue any acquisition of territory (...) " nor a " impair the right of the Mexican nation to choose and be free to form his government . " It was signed:
Javier Istúriz (Spain)
Flahaut (France)
Russel (Great Britain)
The controls for each nation were: general English Prim (with diplomatic and military functions), the British Sir Charles Wyke (diplomatic) and Commodore Dunlop and the French Count Dubois Saligny (diplomatic) and Julien Admiral the Graviére .
late December both forces headed to Veracruz. The French sought openly go beyond simple charge: to create a monarchy subservient and control the country, slowing U.S. expansionism. The British sought to be enforced and gain trade advantages. And Spain? Unclear Prim had this mission beyond such charge. A dangerous mission, with the animosity towards their former colonial Mexicans by the still recent war of emancipation. A dangerous adventure. Some even talk of a secret attempt to establish a Bourbon monarchy in the Carlist branch. The truth is that he accepted the imperial throne as the young Maximilian of Habsburg, brother of Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph . Prim
knew the problem since his marriage to Francisca Agüero Mexico, daughter of a wealthy banker in the country.
INTERVENTION
The general Serrano, Captain General of Cuba, to learn of the appointment of Prim, anticipated the arrival of this and sent 6,000 troops under the command of Marshal Gasset and embarked on the fleet of Admiral Rubalcaba Gutierrez bound for Veracruz, port occupying the December 17, 1861. Prim Arriving in Havana found that the army was already in Mexico.
Gasset said that he had no expansionist ambitions. Juárez mobilized 50,000 soldiers and accused Spain of an attempt to regain the old Viceroyalty of New Spain. Prim arrived in January and an army was exhausted, isolated and ill for the hard tropical environment. Until January 6th European allies did not reach the English army who saved because of the pride of Serrano.
Miguel Miramon Conservative leader arrived in Veracruz and was aligned to the invasiores. Prim knew that there was little to do with the power of Juarez and the U.S. support when they finish their war. Also heard about French intentions indirect invasion.
Miguel Miramon
Mexico City, 1831 / 1867, Querétaro.
young man fought against the U.S. invasion of 1847. Major general and president in 1856. Featured conservative and staunch enemy of Juárez, Maximiliano supported and European intervention. Upon arrival in Veracruz in January 1862 was sent to Havana to forcibly remove him from the race. He was imprisoned in the Cerro de las Campanas in Querétaro, being shot along the Austrian.
ORIZABA CONVENTION
TREATY OF SOLITUDE
The poor conditions of Veracruz and hostile its natural moral dent Europeans. Bending Minister summoned the chiefs allied to negotiate Orizaba, within the region of Veracruz. Britain and Spain respected the London agreement and opposed any attack without exhausting diplomatic channels, unlike France. Near Orizaba was signed between Prim and Bending the Convention of La Soledad, which separated the armies in four different cities: Veracruz and Tehuacan French, British in Cordoba, and English in Orizaba. After signing the treaty respected just Juárez and harassed foreign residents.
The French declared supporters to attack the Mexican capital and establish Maximilian as collateral against Juarez. Britain and Spain were opposed. The first was removed unilaterally and Prim, without the Government of Madrid did the same. The relations between the allies were broken and fell into mutual insults. Bending
sent a letter congratulating him on his attitude Prim and future negotiations by offering to pay the debt and offered to restore relations between the two countries. Prim
had to re-embark his army in the Dunlop British ships to Serrano's refusal to send transport ships. The reception in Havana was very cold and the meeting between the two general was very distant and almost violent. First trip to the U.S. before going to Spain to discuss the situation in Cuba. On arrival in Spain was met with understanding by Queen Elizabeth II. In Madrid, the Senate, on December 12, 1862 defended the attacks of General Pavia by moderates and Olózaga by progressives. The public U.S. What you think breath.
Prim's decision was entirely correct: avoiding a military disaster and a high price in human lives, which itself came to France she embarked on an open war against Juarez Mexico.
WAR WASTE IN FRANCE
After removal English-British, the French imposed Maximilian on the throne of Chapultepec. An army of 28,000 troops after heavy fighting took Puebla house to house, and entered Mexico City in June 1863. On May 28th, disembarked in Veracruz Maximilian and his wife Carlota, Belgium. On June 10 they entered the capital.
In January 1864, established the government of Juarez in Saltillo, in northern Iraq. Following the progress of the French Arrol withdrew to Chihuahua, seeking help from the Americans, who recognize him as president. After the war the federal victorious Lincoln, the northern neighbor was quick to recognize not Maximiliano and to demand the withdrawal of Napoleon III, who agreed. Empress Carlota went to Paris to bow before Napoleon not to withdraw his army, but failed. The emperor was only with the support of Miramón negligible and popular resistance. Juárez, with the support of his neighbors lay siege to the imperial Yankees in the Cerro de las Campanas Queretaro on May 14, 1867. Maximilian and Miramón were shot on 19. Low served pleas from European nations. Juarez was actually a sign with his intransigence against possible future interventions. Came the triumphant Oaxaca Mexico City on July 15, 1867 as president.
SOURCE COMES FROM THE TEXT OF THE JOURNAL "REST" Madrid, No. 19, 2005.
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