How Many Calories In A Brownie

THE SPAIN OF CARLOS ll

Claudio Coello (1642-1693).

The Adoration of the Holy formed by Carlos II.

Sacristy of the Escorial.

semid symbol of a king, the last link

of the dynasty of Austria in Spain.

In recent times, history is being revised in general: we review old claims held by infallible, subjects who had studied old masters and were considered untouchable. Hery Kamen, a British historian based in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bis an accomplished Hispanic many years ago reviewed the history of our country. By 1981 he published his great work on the reign of the last Austria in Spain. At the end of that year I studied at the Complutense and knew the existence of the author. He had just published Charles II's Spain , a book that I had to consult to prepare for the exam part, without reading it fully.

Twenty-four years later I buy an issue contained in a street kiosk. I was starting to read articles and references less negative in that last third of the seventeenth century. Historically, English traditional historiography these years we had an absolute decline, and the monarch as little more or less than a deep subnormal "The Bewitched." The painting so famous and Claudio Coello negative interpretations, not helped much to change the image of the last Austria.

In 1714, by magic, suddenly left Spain for the simple presence of a Bourbon king, of the worst crises in its history to enter a remarkable recovery. All for a change of monarch smple dynasty? If a process has its genesis "The recovery will not start years ago? That is what the British historian attempt to. So did the Empire, the Inquisition, to Philip II, Philip V, and his latest work: The riddle of El Escorial, (2009). Let

summary analysis of that book.

The first item , by way of introduction: An unknown Spain, starts from ignorance of the rule for the English, even at that time, a country of incommunicado with each other realms, including villages body more or less close. Home

Kamen's book.

II. How were they governed the English? Sets here the operation of the monarchy culturally diverse, multi-language, laws, customs and privileges.
III. Schemes of life and death . The English population was slowly recovering from 1650. Only a few short-term stoppages (plague epidemics of 1647-52 or 1676-1685) holding back something that recovery.

IV. The economic recovery . Kamen established the date of 1680 as the beginning of change in the economic cycle and the expansion period will last until 1780. Recovery visible to Felipe V is rooted with Carlos. In 1679 he created the Trade in Madrid. But in Catalonia and the Basque Country was more rapid recovery and beginning to peel away the rest of the country.

V. The trading system . The sea is booming because of the bad situation of the roads. Cadiz is now beginning to dawn in front of Sevilla and guessing and the eventual removal of the House of town to the Atlantic. Bilbao, also known commercial rebirth. American precious metals have no impact on the English and only came to the expenses of the royal family. Presented here the case of the English merchant, born in Oran, Felipe de Moscoso and business activity of some magnitude. According to Kamen, is far from the English myth of disinterest toward commercial life.

VI. The urban environment. Emphasizes the low delinciencia English cities with the obvious exception Madrid, densely populated core and attracted a lot of unemployed population. Draws attention to the urban riots throughout Spain by breaking the belief of numbness of the English socieadad's reign. These riots are the origin of which it has in the eighteenth century (Squillace, 1766). Reasons for subsistence but also to stoke political issue nobles to conspire against valid.

VII. The rural population. note was a boom crop while having a tax burden to the poor, as in other parts of Europe. The bandits, however, remains very high throughout the country. Presents some cases of famous outlaws.

VIII. Church. Exposes the slow decline of the Inquisition, increasingly discredited the face of mounting complaints about abuses.

IX. aristocracy. The nobility sees profits fall, but remains strong and its weight. Exposed cases such as those of Osuna, Alba et al.

X. The bourgeoisie . The author notes an awakening of interest in business and entrepreneurship. Some minor nobles gentrification. Try the famous case of the Marquis Juan de Goyeneche, the Navarrese Baztán, who made his business venture in Madrid. Also your links in America with the possibility of progress that she made. Quote organization of Five Unions Madrid.

XI. The unprivileged. Examines the lives of poor people poor, abandoned children, gypsies, slaves. Their situation is similar to other European countries.

XII. religion. In a country almost entirely Catholic devotion gradually rise to the first comments anticlerical and blasphemies. Talk of resignation of minorities converts.

XIII. Towards a critical . In recent years foreign books had no obstacles in its circulation Spain. The cebsura is increasingly easy to circumvent. The artistic life suddenly falls as you want to believe: you hold the left at the time of Velázquez: Rizi, Carreño, Coello, Murillo, etc..

Madrid Talk shows are primarily medical issue and can speak of a small scientific revolution. But the scientific boom is peripheral, not Castilian.

XIV. The regency and Don Juan . The defeats in the battlefields of Europe are continuing after the fall of Don Juan José of Austria and its poor relations with the queen regent.

XV. The crisis years . Years of conspiracies and noble falls valid. The fall of the Count of Oropesa in 1691 has resulted in the most perticipación the king in the affairs of state. Kamen opens the door to possible personality of Charles II, known: not so mad or so apathetic as previously believed.

XVI. succession. Final presentation of the facts behind the will and last days of the life of the last English Habsburgs in 1700.

In Adventure magazine history this February (No. 136), is the article: not spell nor as decadent, Carlos II. The academic history, Luis Ribot, writes about the personality of the king. Not appear that he was so sick, and it was insane. Resolu'ción faced the King beating of the day: Louis XIV, in addition to his role as patron, the art and rebuild it patocinar much of El Escorial. Exposes the ambitious nature of his mother Mariana of Austria, calls into question the morbid jucie descriptions of their bodies after embalming, and it is very interesting, draws a comparison of his figure with that of later Bourbons, which gets very below the figure, especially Charles IV and Ferdinand VII.

All these aspects are reflected in the book with several authors and that it coordinates Luis Ribot: Carlos II. The king and his environment . Madrid, 2009.

is also very interesting to read the excellent blog monograph on Charles II: reinadodecarlosii.blogspot.com