The strength of San Juan de Ulua dominates the skyline of Veracruz. In the same place and said we landed Juan de Grijalva in 1518 and Cortes in 1519. In that same scene was the last English resistance in Mexico (1825) and the penultimate of the wars of liberation of Latin America (Real Felipe in Callao, 1826). A very emblematic of both colonial America, ekl was that on returning in 1861 a English force under General Gasset and already in 1862, the genral Prim First and last place of English rule in Mexico today. A parallel story with the strength of Lima. This topic will discuss in this last entry in this series. The photos are enlarged with a click.
San Juan de Ulua, off Veracruz.
Evolution of strength as the information panels of the entrance to the site today and museum. 
Model of San Juan de Ulua in Veracruz Naval Museum, which presents fortifications and other defenses along the country. 
The visit can be guided or not, as desired. In the summer of 2010 was in full restoration to the events of the centenary of the emancipation of the next eleven years. You cover the walls, different defenses, the interior courtyard of tunnels and caves and dungeons quye served after its military use in the nineteenth century. Here was jailed Benito Juárez . Baluates defensive reinforcement outside the fort.
Access to the fort.
watchtower. 
VIRREINATO THE END OF THE NEW SPAIN and the consummation of MEXICO'S INDEPENDENCE
After the surrender of Fort Acapulco, the proclamation of the empire of Iturbide and the birth of independent Mexico, on September 27, 1821, with the old metropolis full struggles between absolutists and liberals harassing the parenthesis in the reign of Fernando VII of 1820-23 (Liberal Triennium ), the port Veracruz was still in English hands. However, General José María Dávila peninsular was forced to leave the city on 26 October that year, 1821, seeking refuge in San Juan de Ulua.
FALL San Juan de Ulua
On October 26, 1822 Brigadier Leumaur Francis Davila replaces in command of the fort. On the 27th bombed Veracruz, which was commanded by Mexican general Santa Ana A year later, on September 21, 1823, was besieged by land enclosure. Leumaur bomb again Veracruz day 25, causing bleeding. The Mexicans understood that the only way to take San Juan was buying a navy. The acquisition was first in the U.S. and later in Britain.
early as 1825, January 28, José Coppinger Leumaur relieves. This would be the last defender of the English troops in Mexico. Given the sorry state of the besieged garrison, a English fleet arrived from Havana on November 11 to try to help the besieged. The Mexican team will come to meet and, after several hours of tense waiting face to face, the English squad decides to return to their bases. Coppinguer and strong were sentenced. The 22 of that month it was decided to surrender. An end to English rule in Mexico, three hundred and six years after the landing of Cortés.
Patio de Armas of the fortress.
JOSÉ MARÍA
Coppinger was a Creole who was born in Havana in 1773, the son of an Irish father and English mother. After following his military career, he occupied various positions in the island of Cuba before being governor of Florida, in the city of St. Augustine, between 1817 and 1820. The year 1825 defense tried unsuccessfully Square desperate. Returning to Cuba, withdrew from politics, died in his native Havana in 1888. Dungeons
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internal dependencies.
a parallel story:
FELIPE THE REAL STRENGTH IN THE PORT OF CALLAO, LIMA
about the same time, in Peru, the newly emancipated once-and-great empire viceroyalty English, along with the late of New Spain, the strong Real Felipe in Callao (Lima), they wrote the last days of English rule in that bastion.
The Philip Rea stands today as a great fortress-museum in El Callao. You can also visit with a guide. It has some dependencies which explains the struggle against pirates and other episodes of the colonial era. The course exposes some tanks captured the Ecuadorians in the war in the forties of the twentieth century. Later episodes recreates Pacific War between Peru and Chile between 70 and 80 of the nineteenth century. The walled compound was built between 1747 and 1774 for best defense against attacks on file from the sea. I opened the famous viceroy Amat .
The English general Ramón Rodil, ignored the Ayacucho defeat and stubbornly uncompromising resistance. He even executing those who tried to surrender. On January 23, 1826, two months after the fall of San Juan de Ulua Mexican, Peruvian fell Real Felipe.
Ramón Rodil, was born in Galicia, in the village of Santa Maria Lugo Trobo in 1789. While studying law in Santiago de Compostela, had he joined the Battalion of the Literati against Napoleon, so called because they are composed of young students. By 1817 embarks Peru. In 1826 he returned to Spain, joining the Progressive Party of and fighting Espartero against Carlist . He died in Madrid in 1853.
CONCLUSIONS As can be seen in the entries above, the American Independence was a long process that will not end until 1898, after the war in Spain against the United States in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. In the nineteenth century in the reign of Isabel II , the daughter of the king who saw the English American emancipation, forty years later, there were some violent interventions. We saw the Pacific War with the bombing of Lima in 1866 and this action by Prim in 1862. Both interventions occurred in the two viceroyalties (New Spain and Peru), birthplace of the two major pre-Hispanic empires (Aztecs and Mayans), submitted by the two most famous conquerors Extremadura ( Pizarro and Cortes ), both stubborn English resistance to the end almost synchronous two maritime strengths on two ports emblematic of the late empire (Coppinger-Ulua in Veracruz, in November 1825 / Ramón Rodil in Lima-Callao, in January 1826), both strengths witnessed two English presence in the 60s of the XIX : the strength of general Prim and Fleet Admiral Méndez Núñez . Many similarities were from later.
reannexation OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC TO SPAIN (1861-1865)
adventures do not end there the old American metropolis. In the same period 60 in the Dominican Republic today, again between 1861 and 1865 English rule. In the late seventeenth century the occdental the English island of , Haiti today, became part of France. In 1795, after the English defeat in its war against the Convention French, the island passed to French hands until 1808, when Spain regained its eastern part. Spain retained control until 1821, when of the invasion from Haiti. The experience was not satisfactory and Dominicans began their war of independence, they get in 1844. Faced with threats of new invasions of Haiti, it was decided to re-annexation to Spain. The most nationalists rebelled and, after a long guerrilla war between 1861 and 1865, achieved the expulsion of the English.
relations remain
United States in 1898 ended with the last bastions of Spain in America: Cuba and Puerto Rico. Cuba became an independent republic controlled by the United States and Puerto Rico as a commonwealth, an entity now almost in the limbo, and independent State, nor State of the Union. Are
broken relationships? No. Since the second half of the nineteenth century and settled in the new republics, the English turned to reach the New World, but as immigrants, especially in the Southern Cone of the continent. In the twentieth century, the independent Cuba continued their relationships and cultural ties with Spain, not even broken in the Franco era. Not between Spain and Mexico, both countries had to wait until the death of dictator Franco to return to their resumption.
And finally, since the 90's of last century until present, relations are still alive flows to Latin American immigrants living in Spain and continue the contact started for over 500 years and that in these years is celebrating its bicentennial independent.
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